The Challenges and Opportunities in Integrating Land Use and Transportation Policies for Implementing TOD in Developing Countries

The integration of land use planning and transportation planning is vital in the context of growing urbanization in developing nations. This is necessary in order to cultivate cities that are sustainable, inclusive, and efficient. The Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) paradigm has already been embraced as one of the most promising planning paradigms for ensuring that high-capacity transport corridor facilities are surrounded by compact urban growth. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the challenges and possibilities that are associated with the implementation of the TOD in the strategic development plans of four different cities: Bogota, Mumbai, Cape Town, and Brasilia. In this study, a comparative case study design is utilized, and the performance of each pair of cities is evaluated in relation to the five different characteristics that are listed below: policy integration, institutional alignment, multimodal connection, social inclusion, and financial mechanisms. According to the findings, although Bogot displays a reasonably strong level of TOD integration through its collaboration with national-municipal cooperation and appealing financing instrumentation, other cities do not demonstrate this level of integration. There isn't much coordination or planning that includes everyone in Mumbai and Brasilia. In Cape Town, on the other hand, small problems with execution are looked at in light of past spatial disparities. Both of these cities are experiencing their own unique challenges