Biochemical Pathways in Inflammation- An Updated Review

Background: Inflammation is a fundamental, evolutionarily conserved biological response to infection and tissue injury. However, when dysregulated or chronic, it becomes a central driver of modern diseases, including cardiometabolic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative conditions.Aim: This review aims to provide an updated synthesis of the core biochemical pathways and mediators that initiate, amplify, and resolve inflammatory responses, integrating molecular mechanisms with their clinical implications.Methods: The article employs a comprehensive literature review methodology, detailing the vascular and cellular phases of inflammation and the intricate signaling networks involved. It examines pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, activated by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), and analyzes key mediators including cytokines, chemokines, the kinin system, free radicals, and histamine.Results: The analysis confirms that inflammation is a double-edged sword. Protective mechanisms like cytokine signaling and oxidative bursts are essential for host defense but can cause collateral tissue damage and chronic disease if not properly regulated. The review highlights the critical role of resolution programs and the interconnectedness of mediator systems in determining clinical outcomes.Conclusion: A nuanced understanding of inflammatory biochemistry is paramount. Future therapeutic strategies must move beyond broad suppression to precision modulation, targeting specific pathways and mediators to curb pathology while preserving essential host defense and repair functions