Heart Rate Variability Spectral Analysis for Monitoring Autonomic Activation in a Donkey Involved in Animal-Assisted Therapy: A Single Subject Design During Animal-Assisted Therapy Sessions

<i>Background</i>: Only a limited number of studies have investigated objective indicators to assess donkey welfare during Animal-Assisted Services. <i>Objective</i>: The present research follows a single-subject design and its objective is to evaluate the neurovegetative indicators of the well-being of a donkey through spectral analysis of the R-R signal in the frequency domain. <i>Methods:</i> The experimental protocol of the Animal-Assisted Therapy project involved one donkey, previously selected through behavioral protocol evaluation, and ten patients with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. Spectral analysis of the R-R signal in the frequency domain was performed, providing objective data on the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems of the donkey (before, during, and after the sessions). <i>Results</i>: The significance of the variations, both statistically significant and not, supports the hypothesis that the affiliative human-donkey interaction within the context of AAS is associated with modifications in the neurovegetative components of the donkey involved in AAT. <i>Conclusions:</i> These findings highlight the importance of objective and non-invasive monitoring tools to detect early signs of discomfort in donkeys involved in AAT, supporting the development of selection and management strategies that safeguard animal welfare.