Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Upadacitinib in Tumor Necrosis FactorInhibitor Refractory Axial Spondyloarthritis: 52-Week Outcomes from a Single-Center Cohort

Upadacitinib provided sustained improvements in disease activity, function, and patient-reported outcomes in TNFi-refractory axSpA, with favorable persistence and safety. Despite limitations of the retrospective, single-center design and modest sample size, these findings complement pivotal trials and global real-world data and represent the first RWE of upadacitinib use in Türkiye, supporting JAK1 inhibition as a therapeutic option in difficult-to-treat populations. Cite this article as: Bakay U, Duran Tİ. Real-world effectiveness and safety of upadacitinib in tumor necrosis factor-inhibitor refractory axial spondyloarthritis: 52-week outcomes from a single-center cohort. Arch Rheumatol. 2025;40(4):465-473.