The impact of physical activity on social support among Chinese college students: the mediating role of physical self-esteem and the moderating effect of gender

These findings demonstrate that physical activity enhances social support both directly and indirectly through increased physical self-esteem, while gender differences shape the strength and direction of this relationship. Specifically, physical activity benefits female students' social support but may reduce that of male students, possibly due to the competitive orientation of their sports participation. The study extends social integration and self-perception theories and highlights the importance of gender-sensitive interventions in university-based physical activity and mental health programs.