Citric Acid and Epichlorohydrin as Crosslinking Agent on Hydrogel-Based Nanocellulose from Pine Cone Flower Potential for Wound Dressing Application

Chronic wounds and bacterial infections require wound dressings with both moisture retention and antibacterial properties. This study developed a hydrogel from pine flower-derived nanocellulose crosslinked with citric acid (CA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH). Nanocellulose was characterized using TEM and PSA, confirming a size of 10–30 nm. Hydrogels were synthesized using CA and ECH as crosslinkers, and characterized via FTIR (chemical bonding), SEM (morphology), swelling tests, antibacterial assays, and UV-vis-based release studies. FTIR data confirmed successful crosslinking. SEM results revealed a porous structure ideal for wound healing; hydrogels without extract showed smoother surfaces than those with extract. ECH-crosslinked hydrogels exhibited higher swelling capacity, suitable for heavily exuding wounds. Hydrogels incorporating white dragon fruit peel extract demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Release studies showed controlled diffusion of active compounds, particularly in CA-crosslinked hydrogels. These findings suggest nanocellulose-based hydrogels with natural crosslinkers and plant extracts offer promising properties for wound dressing applications, combining moisture management with antibacterial functionality.