Physicochemical properties of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) fruit harvested from diverse geographical regions and its potential contribution to food and nutritional security

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set forth by the United Nations (UN) aim to eradicate hunger, malnutrition and guarantee that all people have access to sufficient nutrient-dense food by 2030. The introduction of underutilised indigenous fruit species such as Marula fruit (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra), which is reported to be abundant in vitamin C and minerals needed by humans for the fulfilment of their recommended daily diet seems to be a reliable strategy to achieve these goals. This study aimed to investigate the effect of varying geographical locations on the physicochemical properties of the marula fruit and its juice. Fruits utilised for the analysis of physicochemical properties, such as fruit mass, total flavonoids, and vitamin C, were collected from varying regions with distinct climates (Bushbuckridge, Giyani, and Tzaneen) during the summer of 2024. Results showed that juice processed from fruits harvested from the Giyani region had higher levels of vitamin C (83.85 mg/100 mL), than those from other regions. In comparison other regions, juice derived from fruits harvested in the Tzaneen region had the highest flavonoids content of 14 CE/mL. Higher fruit mass (44.6 g) was observed on fruit harvested from Bushbuckridge. Findings from this study suggest that geographical regions should be considered when fruits are harvested for various purposes, including sales and the creation of value-added products, since they directly impact the quality of the fruit. Given the observed vitamin C and phenolic contents, marula fruit could contribute to nutrient intake where it is endemic. Regional differences suggest site selection matters for quality, which is relevant for future cultivation and value-addition.