Bronchial artery-pulmonary artery fistula with pulmonary embolism and massive hemoptysis: a rare case report and literature review

This case underscores the importance of a personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approach in managing the coexistence of vascular fistula, pulmonary embolism, and hemoptysis. Bronchial artery embolization remains the cornerstone of acute bleeding control, while a carefully tailored and closely monitored anticoagulation strategy is essential to reduce thrombotic risk without increasing the likelihood of hemorrhagic complications.