Diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease in patients with chronic kidney disease

CAD in CKD remains sub-optimally treated due to provider hesitancy, poor risk stratification tools, and limited dedicated trials. New medical therapies show potential. Future advances may include CKD-specific CAD calculators, contrast-free imaging, artificial intelligence driven treatment models, and expanded guideline-based use, though real-world implementation will require overcoming cost and education barriers.