A Synopsis of the Synopses, 2024–2025

In this Synopsis Book, our reviewers have selected articles with relevant data that will optimize the clinical care of children affected by allergic and immunologic disorders. These include publications from the past year that have impactful findings that can support current practice and/or advance our understanding, leading to new insights and approaches to allergic and immunologic disorders. A wide spectrum of allergy disorders that affect children are covered, with articles providing observations and new knowledge ranging from possible approaches to the prevention of atopic disorders to risk factors contributing to the development of atopic dermatitis and emerging treatment options for the treatment of food allergy, atopic dermatitis, and asthma.The review of risk factors that can contribute to the development of atopic disease is important for the practicing pediatrician. The awareness of solid food introduction in the United States is also reviewed. The effects of social distancing on the gut microbiome are described, as are the effects of pollution on the development of food allergy and eczema.The management of anaphylaxis in children after prehospital use of epinephrine is also included. A description of venom-induced anaphylaxis in children and adolescents is also included in this year’s supplement. Useful for the practicing pediatrician, a description of the modified criteria for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis in infants and toddlers is reviewed. Drug allergy and the role of pediatricians is addressed by several reviews in this year’s synopsis book. The utility of outpatient oral challenge in patients with allergy to medications is discussed. This is an important reminder about our collective responsibility in delabeling drug allergy in our pediatric patients.Many aspects of food allergy, from diagnosis to treatment, are addressed. Alterations in the feeding behavior of patients with food allergy are described, as is the exclusion of food allergens in the homes of pediatric patients with food allergy. Outcomes of cow’s milk allergy and risk factors for persistence, as well as the use of oral food challenge in patients with cow’s milk allergy, are reviewed. The success of peanut introduction at home in patients with a prior history of reaction is also included, which may be particularly useful for pediatricians. A review of new criteria for the diagnosis of food protein–induced enterocolitis, as well as oral food challenges for patients with food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome, is described. The use of biomarkers in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and patient-reported outcomes in eosinophilic esophagitis is also presented. The reviews of the psychological impact of living with food allergy are also of value to pediatricians.The incidence and prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children is described. Treatment of skin disease and pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis are also included, with reviews on newer treatment options, particularly in difficult-to-treat atopic dermatitis. In our pediatric patients with atopy, the importance of the clinician keeping in mind the burden of disease affecting both physical and mental health in our patients with atopic dermatitis is also highlighted.Among the reviews regarding asthma, risk factors including possible use of biomarkers or machine learning to predict asthma exacerbations are included. Differences in the perception of asthma in pediatric patients, as compared with their parents, are also reviewed, as is the importance of the contribution of caregiver and child anxiety and depressive symptoms to child asthma-related quality of life and the need to address this during medical visits. The supplement also includes a review of unhealthy habits and comorbidities associated with pediatric asthma. The treatment of asthma in the emergency department setting and the utility of the multidisciplinary approach to optimize treatment are also included in this Supplement.Health care disparities are once again highlighted regarding different atopic conditions. Differences in familiarity of treatment for food allergy based on race are discussed. A review of the socioeconomic factors associated with the development of food allergy in patients with atopic dermatitis is included. Redlined communities and their effects on our patients with asthma are also highlighted. The effects of social determinants of health are reviewed in different atopic diseases.The immunology section includes reviews that dysfunction of natural killer (NK) cells may result in severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine safety in pediatric patients is also included and may be particularly useful in addressing vaccine hesitancy with our pediatric families, especially during this critical time. The authors included a description of inborn errors of immunity in the pediatric intensive care setting.Over the last year, further contributions have been made to continue to increase our understanding of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on our patients. A unique T-lymphocyte response to SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric patients is described. The protective role of vaccination in pediatric patients upon reinfection is also reviewed, along with the role of NK cells and monocyte dysfunction in the development of multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children.On behalf of our reviewers, we hope that this Supplement provides you updated information and clinical “pearls” that can improve the clinical care of children with allergic and immunologic diseases. For additional information about our Section, please visit https://www.aap.org/en/community/aap-sections/allergy-and-immunology/.