Risk-constrained optimization of joint spatio-temporal flexibility of mobile energy storage and data centers under uncertainties in distribution systems

Smart distribution networks are increasingly challenged by rising operational complexities, exposing the limitations of traditional approaches. Consequently, integrating both demand- and supply-side flexibility has become essential, with Spatio-Temporal Flexibility (STF) emerging as a key enabler of optimal operation. This paper makes a novel contribution by showing that the coordinated use of two complementary forms of STF can enhance the operation of distribution networks. Internet Data Centers (IDC), providing flexibility through workload-shifting, and Mobile Battery Energy Storage Systems (MBESS), considered as relocatable supply resources, jointly offer an effective strategy for achieving cost-efficient and efficiency-oriented operation. Complementing this flexibility-enabled strategy, the study introduces a novel optimization framework that explicitly accounts for uncertainty in renewable generation and load demand. Within this framework, the Downside Risk Constraint (DRC) method is employed as a structured mechanism to ensure robust decision-making under fluctuations in supply and demand. The proposed framework is evaluated through multiple case studies, comparing the effects of IDC, MBESS, and their coordinated integration with the base case. Results show that the coordinated deployment of IDC and MBESS reduces energy costs by 8.95 % and network losses by 57.25 % compared with the baseline. Although risk-neutral operation could achieve a 21.66 % cost reduction, the risk-constrained approach limits this to 8.95 % while mitigating adverse outcomes. The findings confirm the significance of risk-based operation and establish a basis for future research. • Coordinating the spatio-temporal flexibility of IDC and MBESS. • Using the DRC approach to manage uncertainty in renewable generation and load demand. • Sensitivity analysis of the impact of MBESS capacity and IDC/MBESS siting on system performance.