First Report of a ‘ <i>Candidatus</i> Phytoplasma asteris’-Related Strain (16SrI-B) Associated with Fruit Phyllody of Mulberry in Taiwan

Mulberries (Morus spp.) are important crops valued for berry and silk production (Baciu et al., 2023). In March 2025, a mulberry tree in Dongshi, Taichung, Taiwan, was found bearing fruits showing phyllody symptoms. To determine whether the disease was associated with phytoplasma infection, symptomatic fruits were collected from five branches and tested. For the controls, asymptomatic berries were sampled from three symptomless mulberry trees in Wufeng, Taichung in April 2025. DNA was extracted from five symptomatic fruits collected from different branches and three symptomless berries obtained from separate asymptomatic trees. DNA was extracted with a Synergy 2.0 Plant DNA Extraction Kit (OPS Diagnostics). To ensure that DNA qualities were sufficient for PCR assays, the samples were tested with primers 28KJ and 28C targeting the plant’s 26S rDNA (Cullings 1992). PCR was conducted with the GoTaq Green Master Mix (Promega), and every sample produced the expected amplicon (~685 bp). Nested PCR tests were conducted using universal phytoplasma primer pairs P1/ P7 (outer; Schneider et al. 1995) and R16F2n/R16R2 (inner; Gundersen and Lee 1996). Four out of five symptomatic samples amplified the 1.25-kb target fragment in the nested assay, while none of the asymptomatic samples did. The 16S rDNA of a representative symptomatic sample was sequenced (GenBank/DDBJ accession no. LC897699) and subjected to analysis using iPhyClassifier (https://plantpathology.ba.ars.usda.gov/cgi-bin/resource/iphyclassifier.cgi). The detected phytoplasma was classified to the 16SrI-B subgroup with a similarity coefficient of 1.0 (compared to a reference pattern; ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ OY; accession no. AP006628) and was found to share 99.68% 16S rDNA sequence similarity with a ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ reference strain (accession no. M30790). To validate this finding, the sample was also tested with other phytoplasma gene-specific nested primers targeting the elongation factor Tu (tuf) and ribosomal protein (rp) genes. For tuf, primer pairs fTuf1/rTuf1 and fTufAy/rTufAy were respectively used for the first and second round of PCR (Schneider and Gibb 1997). For rp, the outer and inner primer pairs were rpF1/rpR1 and rp(I)F1A/rp(I)R1A, respectively (Martini et al. 2007). Both target gene fragments were successfully amplified, and the inner amplicons were sequenced. BLASTn (core_nt) searches using quality-trimmed sequences showed that the obtained tuf sequence (accession no. LC896430) was most similar to that of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ OY (accession no. AP006628; 99.9%; 830/831 bp) and those of various 16SrI strains. The detected rp sequence (accession no. LC896429) shared the highest identity with that of a ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ strain infecting Boehmeria pannosa (16SrI‑B; accession no. MT739521; 99.9%; 1,056/1,057 bp) and those of other 16SrI strains, and was very similar to that of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ OY (accession no. AP006628; 99.6%; 1,053/1,057 bp). Accordingly, the phytoplasma detected in this study was identified as a ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’-related strain belonging to subgroup 16SrI-B. In Taiwan, 16SrI phytoplasmas have been reported affecting plants such as Murraya exotica (Tseng et al. 2022). This is the first report of a 16SrI phytoplasma related with Morus symptoms in Taiwan. Since the disease directly impacts the commercial value of the berries, the pathogen should be carefully monitored in mulberry-producing areas.