Nanomaterials in geopolymer concrete: revolutionizing sustainable cement solutions

Geopolymer concrete (GPC), synthesized from aluminosilicate sources, offers a sustainable alternative to conventional Portland cement due to its significantly lower carbon footprint. Incorporating nanomaterials (NMs), such as nano-silica, nano-alumina, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide—has shown remarkable potential in enhancing the mechanical strength, durability, and thermal stability of geopolymer systems. This article presents a systematic critical review of recent advances in nanomaterial-modified GPC, analyzing experimental findings across diverse studies. The review demonstrates that NMs improve the microstructural densification, refine pore structure, accelerate geopolymerization, and enhance resistance to chemical and thermal degradation. Among the studied NMs, nano-silica and graphene oxide exhibit the most consistent improvements in compressive strength and durability, while carbon nanotubes show promise for multifunctional applications but face dispersion challenges. Despite these advances, issues related to cost, large-scale application, and long-term performance remain critical barriers. Overall, this review provides comprehensive insights into the potential, limitations, and future prospects of nanomaterial-enhanced GPC, offering guidance for researchers and industry stakeholders pursuing. • Geopolymer concrete with nanomaterials offers a sustainable alternative to traditional cement, reducing carbon emissions. • Strength Enhancement: Nanomaterials such as nano-silica and nano-alumina improve the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete. • Nanomaterials enhances resistance to chemical and reduces water absorption and chloride penetration, improving concrete durability.