Peer socialization time and self-esteem in early adolescence: An exploratory two-wave panel study

This study examined the causal bidirectional relationship between peer socialization time and self-esteem during early adolescence. A four-month-long two-wave panel survey was conducted with 1,196 junior high school students (M = 13.28 years; 565 women). The questionnaire measured self-esteem and the time spent on various activities, including studying, interacting with peers from the same or different schools, interacting with caregivers, and being alone. All time variables were statistically analyzed using lagged and simultaneous-effect models to control for confounding factors. The results revealed a positive effect of self-esteem on time spent with same-school peers. However, no reciprocal effects were observed. These findings suggest that high self-esteem promotes school adjustment and peer interaction. Finally, this study discusses the need for future research to examine the interplay between the "quantity" and "quality" of peer socialization.