Heads up in Surgery: The Ergonomics Revolution for Vitreo-retina Surgeons with Review of Literature

Abstract Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are ubiquitous among vitreo-retina surgeons due to prolonged static posture, microscope use, and fine motor demands. With the evolution of heads-up display systems and digital visualization, ergonomic challenges and opportunities have shifted dramatically in recent years. This manuscript reviews the importance of ergonomics and posture for vitreo-retina surgeons, synthesizes contemporary findings from peer-reviewed literature, and offers actionable recommendations. A table summarizes studies on ergonomic interventions and their impact on surgeon health and performance.