Membrane‐Less Microbial Fuel Cells for Energy Production—A Comprehensive Review

ABSTRACT Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are gaining popularity as energy solutions because they harness microbial metabolism to transform organic materials directly into electricity. Membrane‐less MFC serve as an alternative to traditional membrane‐based systems, providing benefits like reduced cost, simplified design, minimized fouling, and improved scalability. However, the lack of a membrane in membrane‐less MFC could lead to short‐circuiting of electrochemical reactions along with instability of microbial community over time, resulting in instability, low power production, and decreased efficiency. To improve their performance and long‐term stability, reactor designs and microbial‐electrode interactions must be improved. This review article delivers a thorough analysis of the latest developments, challenges, and applications of electrogenic bacteria within anodic biofilms for energy generation in MFC. It highlights the potential of membrane‐less MFC in advancing this technology by exploring key aspects such as design principles, strategies for improving performance, viable organic substrates, and future outlooks.