Exploring multilevel barriers and facilitators to antiretroviral therapy adherence among adults living with HIV in ART clinic in Mogadishu, Somalia: a qualitative study guided by the socio-ecological model

ART adherence in Somalia is shaped by complex interactions between socio-cultural, economic, psychological, and health system factors. Interventions that reduce stigma, integrate mental health services, strengthen health systems, provide economic and food support, and leverage religious and peer networks are essential. Collaborating with traditional and religious leaders may further improve acceptance and sustainability of ART programs.