Atmospheric Oxidation of Hydrofluoroolefins and Hydrochlorofluoroolefins by Ozone Produces HFC-23, PFC-14, and CFC-13
Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and hydrochlorofluoroolefins (HCFOs) are fluorinated compounds developed to replace refrigerant and propellant gases known to be ozone-depleting substances and/or potent greenhouse gases (GHGs). Their short atmospheric lifetimes result in low direct global warming potentials, but the environmental impacts of their degradation products remain poorly understood. We show that gas-phase ozonolysis of four HFOs produces the long-lived GHGs trifluoromethane (HFC-23) or carbon tetrafluoride (PFC-14), while HCFO-1233xf produces the ozone-depleting chlorotrifluoromethane (CFC-13). At 298 K and 1 bar, the HFC-23 yield is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>7.9</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:math> from HFO-1234ze(E) ozonolysis, and the PFC-14 yield is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.04</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.07</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:math> from HFO-1225ye(E), <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.02</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:math> from HFO-1225ye(Z), and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.12</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.04</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:math> from HFO-1234yf, while HCFO-1233xf ozonolysis produces CFC-13 in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.034</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.006</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.009</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:math> yield. Global model integrations quantify the atmospheric impacts of these breakdown products. Mechanistic computational studies link the HFO and HCFO molecular structures to the formation of these persistent species, identifying structural features that favor their production. These results highlight the importance of considering not only the direct environmental influence of replacement compounds but also the consequences of their atmospheric degradation. The new insights that emerge will guide efforts to design compounds with lower long-term environmental impacts.
Authors
- S. Goldstein (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-4773)
- Andrew J. Orr‐Ewing (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5551-9609)
- M. Anwar H. Khan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7836-3344)
- Susan Solomon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2020-7581)
- Kieran Stanley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3388-0932)
- Angelina Wenger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5011-1751)
- D. G. Hicks (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-9983)
- Keith T. Kuwata (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3542-2081)
- Rayne Holland (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1975-0587)
- Dudley Edmund Shallcross (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7614-9221)
- Max R. McGillen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1623-5985)
- María de los A. Garavagno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-8759)
- Fuxuan Liu
- Joseph B. Madell
- Benjamin R. Fena
Institutions
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Institut de Combustion Aérothermique Réactivité et Environnement (FR)
- Macalester College (US)
- University of the Western Cape (ZA)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Published
- 2025-11-29
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c11383
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.60
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- University of Bristol
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Division of Chemistry