Synchronous Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Polycythemia Vera: A Case Report and Literature Review

Polycythemia vera (PV) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by increased erythrocytes and commonly associated with JAK2 mutations. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), which is often caused by a parathyroid adenoma, is a common cause of hypercalcemia. Although unrelated, a potential association between PV and PHPT has been described in the literature. We report the case of a 41 year-old male presenting with concurrent PV and PHPT due to a parathyroid adenoma. Following parathyroidectomy, the patient's hemoglobin and hematocrit levels normalized without further treatment, suggesting remission of PV. This case report and literature review highlight a possible relationship between the calcium-parathyroid hormone axis and hematopoiesis, providing insight into potential shared pathophysiological mechanisms.