Integrated energy in action: Practical learnings from integrating centralized and decentralized energy delivery models in Uganda

Despite global progress, the energy access gap in sub-Saharan Africa is widening. African utilities contend with limited capital, low customer density, weak purchasing power, and high losses, while decentralized renewable energy (DRE) developers face challenges of raising capital, operational sustainability, and regulatory barriers. Integrated energy models that leverage utility grid assets and DRE innovation promise comparative advantages, yet implementation cases are scarce. This paper presents a five-year study (2018-2023) conducted in Mukono District, Uganda, involving Umeme and a consortium of DRE service providers. We detail partnership structure, integration approach, performance metrics, and outcomes for customers, the utility, and developers. In this study, the integrated model outpaced the standard grid extension approach in establishing new connections, delivered a large increase in household and business consumption, and reduced the overall connection cost. These findings have important implications for scalable pathways to advance resilient, universal energy access under SDG7 by 2030.