The neural correlates of cognitive training–induced gains in aging: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies

Cognitive training is a promising non-pharmacological approach to mitigate age-related cognitive decline, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis of 24 neuroimaging studies comparing cognitive training with control conditions in older adults. Outcomes included changes in cognitive function and task-related brain activation. Moderator and mediation analyses were conducted to examine the influence of participant characteristics, training parameters, and brain-behavior relationships. Cognitive training yielded moderate improvements in cognitive function (Hedges' g = 0.38) and increased activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and bilateral precuneus. Age was a significant moderator of training efficacy, while training type and baseline cognitive status were not. Only precuneus activation correlated directly with improvements in cognitive function. Mediation analyses indicated that LIFG activation indirectly influenced cognitive function through bilateral precuneus engagement. These findings indicate that cognitive training supports cognitive improvements in older adults through increased activation of task-relevant and compensatory brain regions. Age may amplify neural responsiveness to training, supporting targeted interventions in older populations.