Experimental assessment of sustainable multi‐fuel strategies: Algal biodiesel, bioethanol, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and hydrogen fumigation in diesel engine applications

Abstract This study examines the combined effects of algal biodiesel (AB), bioethanol (BE), graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO), and hydrogen (H 2 ) fumigation on a diesel engine. The test used a blend of algal biodiesel, 10% bioethanol, and 50 ppm nanoparticles, with H 2 supplied at 3 and 6 LPM. Experiments covered 0%–100% engine load, with combustion analyzed from averaged pressure and heat‐release rate (HRR) data. At full load, H 2 induction at 3 and 6 LPM increased peak cylinder pressure by 11.04% and 15.95% and enhanced peak HRR by 33.33% and 47.61% compared to diesel. Correspondingly, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) improved by 4.89% and 12.97%, while brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) decreased by 34.82% and 51.15%. Emission results also indicated substantial reductions in CO by 55% and 75%, HC by 26.7% and 40%, and smoke opacity by 13.9% and 36.1% relative to diesel. However, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions increased by 20.7% and 39% due to elevated in‐cylinder temperatures resulting from the higher combustion reactivity and faster burning rate associated with H 2 . The study demonstrates a novel quaternary fuel approach, AB+BE+GO, with H 2 fumigation, that significantly improves combustion efficiency and reduces carbonaceous emissions, offering a promising pathway to cleaner, more sustainable diesel engine operation.