Formalizing the informal in public transportation: The case of motorcycle taxis transport network service in the Philippines

This article explores the use of smartphone applications in motorcycle (MC) taxi operation in the Philippines. Adopting the informal-formal dichotomy, and using a qualitative approach, the paper: (1) reviews the development of MC taxis from the livelihood, service, and institutional viewpoints; and (2) explores the evolving forms of MC taxi regulation, including the role of technology, competition, ownership, and agreements. The article confirms the Philippine's long history with motorcycles. It reinforces the role of motorcycles in filling the public transport gap. Ideally, a good public transport system meets the “formal” service standards. However, the policy response has persistently been reactive. Transport network companies used technology to advocate for drivers' livelihoods and legitimize their operations. Unfortunately, this is also symptomatic of the bigger issue that needs to be tackled, the need for a modern or formal urban public transport system that meets commuters' service quality expectations. These expectations include comfort, access, reliability, and environment-friendliness, as well as fair income and benefits for the MC drivers. While app-based technology can improve mobility management, it should also be consistent with the national policy and service quality expectations of commuters and contribute towards more secure livelihoods or income needs of drivers.