A heterogeneous crowd evacuation model integrating multi-dimensional panic emotion characteristics

Abstract In emergency evacuation scenes, environmental uncertainties and information deficits often trigger panic among individuals, which in turn impairs their ability to make sound judgments and decisions. To address this problem, this study proposes a heterogeneous crowd evacuation model (HCEMMP), aiming to accurately simulate the behavior of crowds influenced by panic factors and reveal the correlation between behavior and different factors. HCEMMP integrates a multi-dimensional panic analysis framework with an enhanced social force model. The framework conceptualizes panic as the joint outcome of environmental stress, individual characteristics, and social group influence, allowing quantitative representation of emotional dynamics under complex conditions. The improved social force model adaptively modulates individual movement intentions through emotional feedback, yielding coordinated and realistic evacuation behaviors. Simulation results across diverse scenes reveal nonlinear, hierarchically regulated patterns in crowd behavior driven by coupled panic factors. Individual traits, environmental stress, and social group influence jointly shape emotional dynamics, forming complex feedback that governs evacuation performance. The findings confirm that HCEMMP outperforms baseline models in evacuation efficiency, behavioral realism, and crowd stability, providing a robust foundation for real-world evacuation strategy optimization.