Label‐Free Leukocyte Biophysical Profiling Using Impedance‐Deformability Cytometry for Rapid Cardiovascular Risk Stratification

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) presents a global health burden with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as its leading cause of mortality. A rapid clinical-adaptable microfluidic workflow for label-free CVD risk profiling based on neutrophil biophysical abnormalities is developed. This high-throughput single cell (>1,000 cells min^-1) "electro-mechano-phenotyping" method integrates Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection analysis to assess leukocyte biophysical changes (size, deformability, and impedance properties) linked to inflammation, thrombosis, and hyperglycemia in vitro, and in diabetic and diabetic atherosclerosis-prone mouse models. In a clinical study of healthy, pre-diabetes, diabetes, and diabetic patients with CVD (DM-CVD) subjects (n = 10-11 per group), DM-CVD neutrophils exhibited a distinct impedance signature and pro-inflammatory transcriptomic profile marked by cytoskeletal dysregulation and altered RhoA signaling. Principal component analysis (area under the curve = 0.971) identifies individuals with vascular dysfunction exhibiting increased carotid intima-media thickness and reduced reactive hyperemia index. These findings support impedance-based neutrophil profiling as a promising, cost-effective strategy for cardiovascular risk stratification in T2DM.