Mathematical modeling and optimization of the effects of electron beam irradiation on ceramic-coated titanium alloy

This study presents an integrated approach combining mathematical modeling and multi-objective optimization to evaluate the effects of electron beam irradiation on Ti-6Al-4 V alloys, comparing uncoated and ceramic-coated variants (WC/Ag/hBN and WC/Ag/MoO₃). Heat transfer models, developed using COMSOL Multiphysics, incorporated phase transformations, latent heat effects, and variable thermal conductivity to simulate temperature evolution across varying beam energy densities (10–40 J/cm²) and pulse durations (100–400 µs). The simulations provided predictive insights into key surface characteristics, including surface roughness and microhardness, under different processing conditions. Fuzzy Grey Relational Analysis (Fuzzy GRA), implemented using MATLAB, was applied to optimize the process parameters, identifying conditions that enhanced hardness and minimized roughness, particularly for coated alloys. The strong agreement between Fuzzy GRA results and simulation outcomes validates the methodology’s effectiveness for tailoring surface properties in aerospace and biomedical applications.