Waste picker organizations in recycling systems in latin american cases towards social inclusion in circular economy

Circular economy (CE) involves more than efficient material flows and waste reuse, for it requires stakeholder engagement, political support, reverse logistic infrastructure, and circular-oriented stakeholders’ mindset, particularly in Latin America. In this context, waste picker organizations (WPOs) play a vital role in closing recycling loops and delivering social value; however, their contributions remain underrecognized in formal CE. This study examines the inclusion of WPOs in recycling systems, focusing on organizations in Colombia and Brazil. Two study-cases were conducted using semi-structured interviews and a literature review for identifying key social, institutional, and operational drivers involved in WPO inclusion. Five dimensions, namely, External pressures, WPO access to resources, Internal WPO capabilities, Utility role of WPO in recycling systems, and Environmental/social benefits were identified and created a novel causal-loop diagram for analyses of the systemic interaction that enable or constrain WPO inclusion. The findings indicate internal organizational capabilities, infrastructure access, political support, and public recognition are critical to advancing formalization processes and improving waste pickers’ access to rights and resources. Conversely, social stigma, fragmented governance, and insufficient investment in education and logistics remain major obstacles. The framework emphasizes inclusion is not a linear process and implies a dynamic interaction of interrelated factors, reinforcing a need for a holistic approach to CE implementation and political supports that integrate social equity, acknowledge informal actors, and address structural challenges. By recognizing WPOs as strategic socio-environmental agents, governments and institutions can accelerate inclusive circular transitions and foster more resilient, community-driven waste systems.