CAR T cell therapy in type 1 diabetes: what we know and what remains to be explored

With its increasing prevalence, diabetes continues to be a major global health concern. Insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels are the results of type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease that destroys pancreatic β cells. The underlying immune-mediated harm cannot be prevented or reversed despite a variety of therapy approaches. Recent advancements in immunotherapy are positioned as a viable option for treating T1D. A genetically modified T cell that recognizes and destroys disease-specific targets is used in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Its targeting of the CD19 and BCMA antigens led to a breakthrough in hematologic malignancies. The present knowledge of CAR-T treatment in T1D is expanded upon by this review. However, there are still a number of important obstacles that limit clinical application, including safety, effectiveness, and technological problems. The main achievements of CAR-T cell treatment for T1D will be discussed in this paper, along with the present challenges and potential future paths for customized CAR-T cell therapies. By combining existing knowledge with uncharted territory, this review aims to stimulate more research and innovation in the field, perhaps leading to a paradigm shift in the treatment of diabetes.