Surveillance of Humans Exposed to the Potentially Rabid Animals and Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia, 2015–2024

<i>Background and Objectives</i>: Although preventable, rabies represents a significant public health problem. An important part of prevention is the surveillance of people exposed to potentially rabid animals, carried out in the anti-rabies clinics of all public health institutes in Croatia. We aimed to analyze the burden of human animal-bite injuries, patient/biting animal characteristics, and the uptake of anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). <i>Material and Methods</i>: This retrospective study used medical records data ranging from 2015 to 2024 for all patients in the anti-rabies clinics in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia. <i>Results</i>: A total of 4105 patients reported contact with a potentially rabid animal. The majority of examined people (52.6%) were working-aged adults (20-60 years). The largest proportion of reported injuries were recorded on the lower limbs (34.9%) and hands/fingers (32.3%). No contact with a proven rabid animal was recorded. PEP was received by 37.7% of those examined. Although dog exposure (68.9%) most frequently led to post-exposure care-seeking, PEP was most common after rodent (91.2%) and bat (87.5%) exposures. <i>Conclusions</i>: Improving public health education is the most effective method of preventing dog bites and thus reducing bite injuries. Promoting responsible dog ownership and behavior around animals, as well as avoiding contact with unfamiliar animals, would likely reduce the need for PEP. The results of this study can also be used in planning health resources, primarily the availability of rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin. In addition, they emphasize the importance of rabies prevention and the continued implementation of all preventive measures in collaboration between the human and animal health sectors. This research may be useful to future public health policies for the control of zoonotic infectious diseases, especially from a "One Health" perspective.