Antibacterial Activity, Composition Analysis and Stability Evaluation of Essential Oils Against Common Pathogens of Bovine Endometritis

ABSTRACT The rising threat of antimicrobial resistance in bovine endometritis necessitates alternative treatments. This study evaluated 13 plant essential oils against major endometritis pathogens ( Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ). Among these, Zingiber officinale , Thymus mongolicus , and Cedrus deodara essential oils showed inhibitory effects against all three pathogens, with T. mongolicus essential oil showing consistent inhibition zones of 20.17–22.88 mm. Chemical analysis identified 4‐terpineol (19.162%), carvacrol (18.395%), p‐cymene (14.006%), and eucalyptol (12.454%) as the main components of T. mongolicus essential oil. The antibacterial activity of T. mongolicus essential oil was maintained across different temperatures (4°C–100°C), pH conditions (5–8), and UV exposure periods. MIC and MBC values ranged from 3.125 to 6.25 mg/mL and 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL, respectively, with antibacterial effects increasing with concentration. SEM observations revealed visible membrane damage in bacterial cells after treatment. These findings suggest that T. mongolicus essential oil could be considered for managing antimicrobial‐resistant bovine endometritis.