Examining the interplay between sdLDL, resistin, and BMI

Obesity is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases and is becoming a serious global health problem. Poor health outcomes are closely linked to body mass index (BMI). In obesity, changes in small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) may increase its ability to penetrate the endothelium, leading to atherosclerosis. Obesity also affects the metabolic and secretory functions of many tissues, which may raise serum resistin levels. This study included 300 participants with different BMI levels. We measured sdLDL and resistin in all participants. HbA1c was tested using whole blood in EDTA tubes. Serum from thawed samples was used to measure lipid parameters (triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, sdLDL) and resistin levels were analysed using ELISA. Obese participants had significantly higher HbA1c (p = 0.0004), LDL (p < 0.0001), triglycerides (p < 0.0001), cholesterol (p < 0.0001), and VLDL (p < 0.0001) compared to overweight and normal BMI groups, except for HDL, which was not significantly different. Smokers and participants with hypertension showed higher sdLDL (p = 0.03, p = 0.0001) and resistin levels (p = 0.03, p < 0.0001). Overweight participants had sdLDL levels of 21.95 mg/dl, while obese participants had 25.76 mg/dl, both significantly higher than the normal BMI group (p < 0.0001 for both). Resistin levels were also higher in overweight (1003 pg/mL) and obese participants (1355 pg/mL) compared to the normal BMI group (p < 0.0001 for p < 0.0001 ). SdLDL and resistin showed a positive correlation with each other and were significantly associated with BMI, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, cholesterol, VLDL, and LDL, but negatively associated with HDL. ROC analysis indicated that sdLDL (cutoff: 18.55 mg/dl) and resistin (cutoff: 750 pg/mL) could serve as prognostic markers for overweight and obesity. Additionally, participants with normal BMI had resistin levels of 389.6 pg/mL, overweight participants had 300.6 pg/mL (p < 0.0001), and obese participants had 291.0 pg/mL (p < 0.0001). This study suggests that resistin and sdLDL levels are the primary cause of dyslipidemia and metabolic dysregulation in obesity. Both biomarkers are strong predictors of a higher BMI category, with resistin being a universal risk factor and sdLDL showing a male-specific correlation. Additionally, their high predictive accuracy confirms the usefulness of sdLDL and resistin as biomarkers for early risk assessment and shows how they can guide early intervention strategies for metabolic and cardiovascular risk linked to obesity.