Evaluating barley genotypes for yield stability using integrated model- and rank-based stability statistics

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the oldest domesticated cereal crops and remains a key component of global food and feed systems. As with other major crops, understanding genotype × environment (GE) interaction is crucial for improving yield stability and adaptability under diverse agroecological conditions. In the present study, a panel of 20 barley genotypes–comprising eighteen breeding lines and two local reference varieties–was evaluated for low-temperature tolerance and grain performance across eight cold-climate locations in Iran over two consecutive growing seasons (2020–2022). Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model revealed significant effects of genotype (G), environment (E), and their interaction (GEI) on grain yield. AMMI-biplots (I and II) identified genotypes G18 and G19 as high-yielding and more stable than the remaining genotypes. Multiple stability parameters, including rank-based and model-based stability indices, consistently highlighted genotypes G2, G3, G9, G10, G15, and G18 as the most stable performers across environments. According to Annicchiarico's method and the AMMI-II biplot, the Hamadan location (environments E4 and E7) was identified as the most favorable testing environment. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis grouped the various stability statistics into three major clusters. Among these, stability parameters such as S3, S6, and KR showed positive and significant correlations with grain yield, reflecting a dynamic interpretation of stability. In conclusion, genotype G18 (Bahtim7DL/79-W40762//DeirAlla106/3/Bahman), characterized by an LT50 value of –9 and was identified as a promising candidate for cultivation in cold-climate regions of Iran, combining both high yield potential and strong cold tolerance.