Comparative Effectiveness of Kyphoplasty and Radiation with or Without Radiofrequency Ablation in Spinal Metastases from Lung Cancer

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Spinal metastases from lung cancer cause substantial pain, instability, and neurologic compromise. Radiotherapy and kyphoplasty are standard treatment modalities, while radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has emerged as a potential adjunct for cytoreduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether RFA confers additional benefit when combined with kyphoplasty and radiotherapy in patients with lung cancer spinal metastases. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults with lung cancer and spinal metastases from 2012-2024 using the TriNetX database. Patients were identified using International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes and stratified into two groups: kyphoplasty with radiotherapy alone versus kyphoplasty with radiotherapy and RFA. Propensity score matching was applied to balance demographic and clinical covariates. The primary outcome was 1-year all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included tumor recurrence, neurologic complications, and pain burden as assessed by opioid prescription rates. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. <b>Results:</b> A total of 703 patients met inclusion criteria. After matching, no significant differences were observed between groups for 1-year mortality (RR 1.021, 95% CI 0.83-1.256), tumor recurrence (RR 0.989, 95% CI 0.789-1.238), neurologic complications (RR 1.052, 95% CI 0.563-1.967), or opioid use as a pain proxy (RR 0.986, 95% CI 0.76-1.28). <b>Conclusions:</b> The addition of RFA to kyphoplasty and radiotherapy did not significantly impact survival, recurrence, neurologic, or pain outcomes in patients with spinal metastases from lung cancer. These findings suggest that the incremental benefit of RFA in this setting is limited and emphasize the need for prospective studies to refine patient selection and treatment strategies.