Effects of Interoceptive and Exteroceptive Attention Training on Desire-Driven Eating in Healthy Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Early-Stage Feasibility Study

Interoceptive and exteroceptive awareness (awareness of bodily signals and sensory experiences) are increasingly recognised as important for guiding eating behaviour. However, research remains limited on how such awareness can be enhanced in everyday contexts and how this affects eating behaviour. This study explored whether an interoceptive-exteroceptive attention training programme, delivered through written instructions, could enhance such abilities in healthy adults and promote healthier food choices. Thirty-five healthy adults completed a 14-day attention training period involving daily use of written materials designed to enhance attention to interoceptive and exteroceptive cues before, during, and after eating. Measures included objective and self-reported indicators of interoception, exteroception, and dietary behaviour, assessed pre- and post-attention training. Participants reported significant increases in attention to sensory experiences and intuitive and mindful eating. A reduction in the consumption of unhealthy snack components was also observed. In post-study evaluations, participants described the attention training as positive and awareness-enhancing. Most reported becoming more attentive in their eating and snacking behaviour, and over 80% intended to continue practising awareness after the study. While not all outcomes reached statistical significance, the findings provide preliminary, proof-of-concept evidence supporting the feasibility of interoceptive-exteroceptive attention strategies for fostering healthier, more self-regulated eating in everyday life.