A Comprehensive Approach to Female Sexual Health after Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Purpose of Review This review aims to synthesize current evidence on female sexual dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI), a complication often overlooked in clinical practice and underrepresented in research. We sought to clarify prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and gaps in healthcare and research, while highlighting implications for evaluation and treatment. Recent Findings Emerging studies demonstrate that women with TBI report significantly greater sexual dysfunction than men with TBI and women without TBI, including decreased desire, arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction. Pathophysiologic contributors include hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction, neuroanatomical disruption, and secondary sequelae such as spasticity and pain. Psychological and cognitive changes, including depression, anxiety, and body image concerns, further exacerbate dysfunction. Despite this, women remain underrepresented in studies, and providers rarely address sexual health after TBI. Summary Female sexual dysfunction after TBI is prevalent, multifactorial, and often neglected. Greater awareness, sex-specific research, and culturally sensitive interventions are needed to improve recognition, care, and outcomes.