High efficiency and sustainability of PVDF membrane in wastewater treatment and reuse

To address the challenges of membrane fouling, short service life, and unstable performance associated with PVDF membranes in wastewater treatment and reuse, this study proposes a multi-dimensional collaborative optimization approach integrating four core strategies: material modification, structural optimization, process synergy, and intelligent operation. At the material level, a TiO 2 nanoparticle-composite PVDF membrane is combined with low-temperature plasma surface treatment and polyethylene glycol coating to enhance its hydrophilicity and anti-fouling capabilities. Structurally, a double-layer membrane with a gradient pore structure is designed, and porosity and pore size distribution are manipulated through a template-based method and thermally induced phase separation. Pretreatment and photocatalytic self-cleaning technologies are integrated into the process to reduce membrane fouling. Intelligent operation utilizes real-time sensor monitoring and machine learning models to dynamically optimize operating parameters. Results show that the optimized PVDF membrane achieves a COD removal rate of 93%, 2.5 times that of conventional membranes, extends its service life to 8 years, reduces system energy consumption to 1.0 kWh/m 3 , and demonstrates excellent treatment performance for industrial, municipal, agricultural, and domestic wastewater. This study provides a feasible solution for the large-scale application of membrane technology for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment, while also providing technical support for water resource management and environmental sustainability. • Proposes multi-level optimization of PVDF membranes for efficient, sustainable wastewater treatment. • TiO 2 -modified double-layer membranes achieve 93% COD removal and 8-year service life. • ML-based smart operation boosts efficiency, reduces energy use, and extends stability. • Offers scalable solution for industrial wastewater reuse and environmental sustainability.