Biogenic ZnO nanoparticles synthesis using Phyllanthus urinaria and its multifaceted bioactivities against infection, inflammation and diabetes mellitus

Green synthesis using medicinal plants offers an eco-friendly and sustainable method for producing metal oxide nanoparticles. Phyllanthus urinaria , known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, making it an ideal candidate for nanoparticle synthesis. This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of P. urinaria and evaluate their physicochemical and biological properties and Zinc acetate served as the precursor. UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation with an absorption peak at 367 nm. XRD analysis indicated a wurtzite crystalline structure with a crystallite size of 53.68 nm. SEM images revealed rod-shaped nanoparticles measuring 121 ± 18 nm in width and 231 ± 10 nm in length. DLS showed a hydrodynamic size of 312 nm, and zeta potential analysis revealed a value of -16 mV, suggesting colloidal stability. The ZnO nanoparticles exhibited potent antibacterial activity, particularly against Salmonella typhi and Enterococcus faecalis . Antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS) and anti-inflammatory tests (albumin denaturation and HRBC membrane stability) showed concentration-dependent efficacy. Additionally, the nanoparticles enhanced glucose uptake in yeast cells and inhibited α-amylase activity, confirming their antidiabetic potential. These findings suggest that P. urinaria -mediated ZnO nanoparticles hold promising therapeutic potential in biomedical applications.