From tragedy to training: Multi-dimensional leadership learning through the K2 mountain simulation

This paper introduces the Multi-Dimensional Leadership Learning in Extreme Contexts (MLLEC) framework, a multidimensional model for leadership development in volatile, high-stakes educational settings. Centered on a simulation of the 2008 K2 Mountain tragedy, the pedagogical design activates five integrated dimensions: transformative learning, psychological safety, sensemaking, embodied cognition, and ethical decision-making. Grounded in experiential learning theory, MLLEC is depicted as concentric layers linking immersive simulation to developmental systems and leadership capabilities. Based on over 40 facilitated sessions with senior-level participants, we report qualitative insights and descriptive outcomes aligned with each MLLEC component. The framework offers a replicable model for simulation-based leadership education that bridges theoretical and practical dimensions, equipping educators with a structured approach to cultivate adaptive judgment, moral reflexivity, and emotional regulation in VUCA environments. • Introduces the novel MLLEC framework for leadership in VUCA environments. • Uses the 2008 K2 tragedy as a simulation-based learning case. • Integrates five leadership learning dimensions into one systemic model. • Demonstrates how embodied and ethical challenges enhance leadership capability. • Offers a replicable design for immersive leadership education.