Determinants and risk mitigation in livestock management practices among smallholder farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Livestock farming is essential for achieving sustainable livelihoods in Africa, especially among smallholder farmers. However, these farmers face challenges like limited resources, market access, and support services. Moreover, there is insufficient clarity pertaining to the factors influencing smallholder farmers' management decisions to mitigate risks. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the factors that have an impact on the livestock management practices smallholder farmers use in the Eastern Cape. This study employed a descriptive approach following a cross-sectional design using a multi-stratified sampling procedure to randomly select 160 smallholder livestock farmers to participate in this study. Findings reveal that livestock farming in the province is becoming evenly balanced, with more women participating, though challenges still prevail. Currently, middle-aged farmers lead production, but growing youth involvement offers hope for the future. Household factors like marital status, education, and employment influence the farmer's resilience. Livestock play vital roles in smallholder households, with cattle often kept as long-term assets, providing security and savings. Sheep and goats help balance income and nutrition, while pigs and chickens offer quick sales and food for families. However, environmental risks and management challenges remain. Most farmers rely on free-range grazing due to limited access to proper feeds, restricting livestock growth. Extension services and vaccination programs are limited, thus reducing animal health support. Farmers face risks from pests and diseases, market fluctuations, and a lack of credit. More frequent extension visits and targeted policies can assist farmers in maintaining healthy livestock and reducing risks, building a sustainable future for smallholder farmers. The study concludes that strengthening household resilience through education, gender inclusivity and improved access to credit, markets, and extension services is essential. These findings provide critical policy insights for promoting sustainable livestock systems and enhancing smallholder livelihoods.