Endoscopic Findings in Patients Presenting with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Background: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a prevalent medical emergency characterized by various etiologies and significant morbidity.Timely endoscopic evaluation is crucial for pinpointing the source of bleeding and facilitating targeted management.Materials and methods: This observational study was conducted at the Department of Gastroenterology at Sarvhit Gastrocity, Inside Smt Paarvati Devi Hospital, over a period of 12 months.Adults (18 years) presenting with hematemesis, melena, or both, and who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy within 24 hours of admission, were included.Comprehensive data on demographics, clinical presentation, comorbidities, and risk factors were collected.The endoscopic procedures were performed using a Pentax 5000 iscan video endoscope, and findings were meticulously documented.Peptic ulcer bleeding was classified utilizing the Forrest classification.Data analysis was executed using SPSS version 26.0.Results: A total of 120 patients were assessed (mean age 51.8 14.7 years; 38.3% aged 51-70), with a predominant male representation (71.7%; male-to-female ratio 2.5:1).Hematemesis was the most frequent presentation (60.0%), followed by melena (31.7%) and both symptoms (8.3%).Notably, NSAID use and alcohol consumption were reported by 18.3% and 30.0% of the participants, respectively.The main comorbid conditions identified included hypertension (23.3%), diabetes (16.7%), and chronic liver disease (11.7%).Endoscopic findings revealed peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (35.0%; duodenal 23.3%, gastric 11.7%), esophageal varices (21.7%), gastric erosions/gastritis (15.0%), gastric varices (6.7%), Mallory-Weiss tear (5.0%), portal hypertensive gastropathy (5.0%), malignancy (3.3%), and Dieulafoy's lesion (1.7%).No identifiable source was found in 6.7% of cases.Among the 42 peptic ulcer cases, the Forrest grades included Ia (14.3%),Ib (19.0%),IIa (23.8%),IIb (19.0%),IIc (14.3%), and III (9.6%).Conclusion: Peptic ulcer disease emerges as the predominant cause of UGIB in this cohort, followed by esophageal varices.The implementation of early endoscopy is pivotal for accurate diagnosis and timely intervention, significantly mitigating morbidity associated with UGIB.