Determinants of health status and health-related behaviors among polish firefighters: a nationwide survey-based study

This nationwide survey identified clear, actionable patterns in firefighters' health behaviors. Overweight and obesity were common, and multiple behaviors clustered with higher BMI. Prevention should be targeted across career stages and supported organizationally integrating nutrition, hydration, sleep hygiene, and physical training with enabling conditions (duty scheduling, healthy food/water access on shift, protected time and facilities for exercise). Future studies should include objective measurements, validated psychosocial scales, and longitudinal designs to clarify directionality and evaluate interventions.