Three ethical approaches to expanding newborn screening through genomics: a critical comparative analysis

While rigorous evidence-gathering to inform the ethical and societal impacts of gNBS is critical, this must be accompanied by - and interpreted through - normative ethical analysis that clearly articulates the values and tensions at stake. Overall, ethical implementation of gNBS requires a policy approach that (i) adopts public health ethics for programme design, (ii) operationalises select human-rights claims in accordance with established screening principles, and (iii) embeds liberal protections against state or parental overreach.