Co‐pyrolysis behavior and kinetic analysis of golden apple biomass and waste <scp>R</scp> ontgen ray film opus for environmentally progressed sustainable energy

Abstract A great deal of interest has been shown in using non‐edible biomass to generate sustainable energy from agricultural waste. This study examined waste Rontgen ray film (WRF) and silane‐treated golden apple kernel (GAK) as possible co‐feedstock materials for co‐pyrolysis, which produces bioenergy, in a biorefinery setting. Kinetic behavior and thermodynamic characteristics of the GAK with WRF blend were assessed using non‐isothermal thermogravimetric tests at heating rates (HT) of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C/min. Three iso‐conversional models, such as Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Starink (SI), and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) were used to calculate the activation energy ( E a ), enthalpy (Δ H ), entropy (Δ S ), and Gibbs free energy (Δ G ) of the co‐pyrolysis process. The KAS, SI, and FWO models estimated average activation energies of 181.59, 189.61, and 179.77 kJ/mol, correspondingly, with corresponding coefficients of determination (R 2 ) of 0.92, 0.92, and 0.91. The average thermodynamic parameters were Δ H = 146.51 kJ/mol, Δ S = 21.66 J mol −1 K −1 , and Δ G = 119.54 kJ/mol. The co‐pyrolysis process is not spontaneous in the conditions under study, according to these kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. All things considered, the results show that the GAK: WRF blend has advantageous thermal and energy properties, underscoring its potential as a sustainable waste‐to‐energy alternative biomass fuel.