Statistical assessment and optimization of gasoline blends with isopropanol and <scp>MgO</scp> –Fe ₂ O ₃ nanoparticles for improving engine performance

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of gasoline–isopropanol blends combined with iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles on engine performance and emission characteristics. Five fuel emulsions were prepared: gasoline—2.5% isopropanol, gasoline—5% isopropanol—0.15 g nanoparticles, gasoline—5% isopropanol—0.3 g nanoparticles, gasoline—10% isopropanol—0.15 g nanoparticles, and gasoline—10% isopropanol—0.3 g nanoparticles. The experiments were conducted at engine speeds of 1750 and 2500 rpm. Modeling and optimization were performed using Design‐Expert software with the D‐optimal method, resulting in 16 experimental runs. The results indicated that iron oxide nanoparticles had a more pronounced effect compared to magnesium oxide nanoparticles. For base gasoline, NOx and HC emissions ranged from 685 to 670 ppm and 113 to 116 ppm, respectively, with increasing engine speed. By adding isopropanol and iron oxide nanoparticles, NOx and HC emissions varied in the ranges of 159–335 ppm and 124–65 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the blended fuel improved combustion efficiency, enhanced engine performance, and reduced emissions.