Dense shelf water and associated sediment transport in the Cap de Creus Canyon and adjacent shelf under mild winter regimes: insights from the 2021–2022 winter

Abstract. Dense shelf water cascading (DSWC) is a key oceanographic process in transferring energy and matter from continental shelves to deep ocean areas. Although intense DSWC (IDSWC) events have received most attention due to their large impacts, mild DSWC (MDSWC) events are the most frequent in the northwestern Mediterranean and are expected to become more common under climate change. However, their dynamics, particularly in the Cap de Creus Canyon, have been less comprehensively described and compared to strong-winter events. This study investigates MDSWC in the Cap de Creus Canyon during the mild winter of 2021–2022, examining shelf-canyon transports of both dense shelf waters and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Observations from the FARDWO-CCC1 multiplatform cruise in March 2022 revealed the presence of cold, dense, and turbid shelf waters, enriched in dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a, on the continental shelf adjacent to the canyon. These waters cascaded into the canyon head and progressed further into the canyon along its southern flank to ∼ 390 m depth. Estimated water and SPM transports during this event were 0.7 Sv and 105 metric tons (t), respectively, at the continental shelf. Within the canyon, transports were 0.3 Sv and 105 metric tons in the upper section, while mid-canyon transports were lower (0.05 Sv and 104, respectively), indicating that most dense shelf waters likely remained confined to the shelf area and upper canyon. During this event, dense shelf waters were transported ∼ 30 km from the shelf into the canyon. Our results show that significant transport of dense shelf waters (260 km3) and suspended sediment can occur in the Cap de Creus Canyon during MDSWC events under mild winters, also contributing significantly to the formation of Western Intermediate Water (WIW) in the canyon. The Mediterranean Sea Physics reanalysis data indicate that the cascading season lasted from late-January to mid-March 2022, with several shallow cascading pulses throughout this period. Peak transport occurred in mid-March associated with an eastern storm, which likely intensified MDSWC in the canyon. Our study reinforces the idea that dense shelf water transports exhibit marked interannual variability, even under mild winters.