Alloy4CMD: A Formal Approach for Component-based Modeling of Distributed Ledger Technology Architecture

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) engineering practices commonly rely on the adaptation and development of components as key building blocks. However, incorrect component specifications can lead to architectural flaws, which may propagate to implementation stages and result in faulty configurations. To address this, we build on declarative modeling techniques from program verification and refactoring to formally specify DLT components and their architectural composition. We introduce a component-based approach, Alloy4CMD , for the formal modeling and analysis of DLT architectural design. This approach maps individual components into well-formed formal specifications, enabling decidable (bounded) reasoning and property checking. We further employ a lattice-based abstract interpretation to approximate component semantics, with verification carried out in Alloy through assertions expressing conformance to requirements. The analysis involves automated model finding with bounded consistency checks using the Alloy Analyzer. Our approach provides validated, reusable modules, composes them into a validated architectural meta-model that supports early-stage DLT architectural design, and is independent of any particular DLT platform.