A nine-year critical review of progress and future strategies for sustainable development goal 6 in Nigeria from 2016 to 2024

Ensuring access to clean water and sanitation is not only fundamental to public health but also a critical driver of economic productivity and sustainable development. In Nigeria, where millions still lack reliable access to these basic services, evaluating progress towards global targets is crucial. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 aims to ensure universal access to safe and affordable water and sanitation by 2030. This study assesses Nigeria’s performance in implementing SDG 6, identifying trends, gaps, and challenges in water and sanitation access. A qualitative review approach was adopted, relying on secondary data sources, including reports from the Federal Ministry of Water Resources, the National Bureau of Statistics, and international organisations such as the United Nations, WHO, UNICEF, and the World Bank. Peer-reviewed journal articles and academic publications were also analysed. Content analysis and comparative assessments with other African countries were conducted to provide broader insights. Findings indicate that, despite increased awareness and improvements in some areas, Nigeria’s progress remains uneven. Rural and conflict-affected regions continue to face persistent challenges due to inadequate infrastructure investment and governance inefficiencies. Strengthening governance frameworks, enhancing policy transparency, enforcing regulations, and boosting infrastructure investment—particularly in underserved regions—are recommended to accelerate progress. These measures are vital for achieving SDG 6 and advancing national development priorities.