Can bionic eyes restore vision? Breakthroughs, challenges, and future frontiers in ophthalmology – A comprehensive review

Bionic eye technology aims to restore partial vision in individuals with severe visual impairment by artificially stimulating the visual system. Primary approaches involve the use of retinal implants, optic nerve stimulation, and cortical visual prostheses. Retinal implants have shown the most clinical progress, with devices such as Argus II and Alpha AMS demonstrating the ability to restore basic visual function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. These implants use electrode arrays to stimulate the remaining retinal neurons, thereby enablingusers to perceive light, detect motion, and recognize large objects. However, the current technologies have limitations in terms of resolution, field of view, and long-term stability. Ongoing research has focused on developing high-density electrode arrays, improving biocompatibility, and enhancing signal processing. Clinical trials have shown that bionic eyes can provide meaningful improvements in visual function and quality of life in some patients, although outcomes vary. Although regulatory approvals have been achieved for certain devices, accessibility remains limited because of high costs. Future research directions include optogenetic approaches, development of wireless systems for power and data transmission, and integration of artificial intelligenceto optimize device performance. Overall, bionic-eye technology shows promise for restoring partial vision. However, significant challenges remain in achieving high-resolution, naturalistic vision.