Acoustic Cavitation‐Assisted Green Approach for in Situ Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles for Multifunctionalization of Linen Fabric

ABSTRACT Nowadays, the textile industry is looking for sustainable and green processes that can provide peerless alternatives to conventional toxic chemicals. The purpose of the present work is to develop multifunctional linen using an ultrasonic‐assisted in situ synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles on a chitosan‐coated linen fabric utilizing coffee bean extract (CBE). The CBE, as a reducing agent, helps synthesize nanoparticles. To evaluate the reducing capability of natural extract at different pH, reduction–oxidation potential was measured. The samples prepared at pH 7, 9, and 12 were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy to define surface characteristics, nanoparticle size, and elemental mapping and to show necessary chemical bondings. Wrinkle resistance, antioxidant activity, UV protection, and antibacterial properties of the modified linen were evaluated. The durability of these functional properties was assessed against laundering treatments. The use of ultrasonic waves facilitated the formation and distribution of nanoparticles resulting in multifunctional linen with excellent functionalities durable up to 20 washes. The optimized sample showed antibacterial activity higher than 85% against both E. coli and S. aureus , antioxidant activity above 66%, and a UV protection factor greater than 22.