A nationwide integrated demand–supply framework for analyzing urban carbon footprints and mitigation potential in Israel

As urbanization accelerates, national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are increasingly shaped by cities. Advancing nationwide urban GHG analysis is essential in supporting both urban and national mitigation. However, as cities exhibit diverse emissions profiles, tailored city-specific mitigation strategies are necessary for optimizing mitigation efforts. This study joins a growing body of research assessing nationwide multi-city GHG emissions while capturing the diversity of urban emissions profiles. Uniquely, it advances an integrated demand and supply, detailed city-specific, bottom-up framework applied to Israel. The analysis reveals a spectrum of emissions characteristics, compositions, and sectoral contributions. Cities were grouped into four clusters based on emissions intensity, identifying common characteristics and relating specific mitigation measures. This dual demand- and supply-side perspective strengthens the capacity to identify high-impact, context-specific measures, supporting efficient resource allocation and coordinated action. It offers a transferable approach for nations seeking to advance urban and national decarbonization efforts.